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Ancient Polish History thread


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posts: 138
 
Koach
  Oct 28, 07, 18:07  #61

I do appreciate your time in posting. I love history and Poland.

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Patrycja19
  Oct 28, 07, 19:09  #62

as I appreciate those helping me to learn more

Thank you :))


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Grzegorz_
  Oct 28, 07, 19:13  #63

I will add more later...


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Grzegorz_
  Oct 31, 07, 12:56  #64

After Władysław Herman had died, the country was divided between his sons Zbigniew and Bolesław. Bolesław III Krzywousty in 1107 united the country and expelled his brother Zbigniew. German king Henry V stood in defense of Zbigniew and in 1109 invaded Poland but was defeated. Zbigniew came back to Poland but on his brother's order was blinded and soon later died. He managed to again conquer all the previously conquered territories, held for a short time, including Pomerania. In 1129 made an aliance with Danmark. He died in 1138. Before his death he divided the country between his sons in this way trying to prevent them from fighting one another. The country was divided into 5 regions. 4 for each of his sons and 5th for the oldest of them, who was going to be the representative of the whole of Poland.

This is the end of early Piasts period. Next is fragmentation.


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Grzegorz_
  Oct 31, 07, 12:58  #65



Bolesław III Krzywousty (1085-1138)


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Crow
Edited by: Crow  Nov 24, 07, 03:02  #66

About Celts

There are many debates about Celts and their connections with other ethoses. Seams that nations need to learn to share Celtic heritage among themselves.

But before we start to share our history and stop to confront because of events from past, we need to learn to accept truth, too.

Celts were children of Danube and Danubian cultural and genetic stock. There is no debt in that. This fact, presenting them as part of Proto Slavic world and heritage. With that Celts need to be recognized as one of ancestral branches of Proto Slavs (with that of today`s Slavs, too).




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Crow
Edited by: Crow  Nov 29, 07, 12:57  #67

Folowing children of Danubian cultural area and genetic stock ...

Proto Slavic > Celtic > Raetian > Rasna/Rasena (Etruscan) > Slavic - connections

Fragments:

Similarities between the Polish and Irish languages

209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:nqgkGUYKPPMJ:www.seanoriain.eu/Media/The %2520Irish%2520Language.pdf+The+distinction+in+Polish+between+ona+jest +and+ona+bywa&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=6

The following comparison may also apply to Slovene and other Slavic languages,but I compare with Polish, as the Slavic language I know best. The distinction in Polish between ona jest and ona bywa (“she is” and “she habituallyis” or “she is in the habit of being”), i.e. between the present and present habitualtenses, corresponds exactly to the Irish tá sí and bíonn sí. This distinction is not found verbally in English, French or German, but is present in other Celtic languagessuch as Welsh, Breton, Scottish Gaelic, and in other Slavic languages. There areeffectively 3 forms of the verb “to be”, for example:

I am Irish: Is Gael mé.
I am tired: Tá tuirse orm (lit. “is tiredness on me”)
I am here every day: Bím anseo gach lá

Welsh, Cornish and Breton and the now extinct Gaulish (the language spoken in France, then called Gaul, before the country wasinvaded by Caesar’s Roman legions)

Indeed the medieval Latin word “Scotus” meant simplyan Irish speaker, as evidenced by the name of the 9th century philosopher at thecourt of Charles the Bald, Johannes Scotus Eriugena (Latin “born in Ireland”).

A History of the Beam Family", by Prof. Jacob L. Beam of Princeton, published in 1919

padan.org/padan/contentid-40.html

The name Beam is the English spelling [according to the sound] of the German Boehm. Boehm is German for "a or the Bohemian".

Certain Celtic tribes occupied territory south of the Po, the Boii seizing north central Italy and the Senones the coastal area to the S of the Po. In the process of taking these areas the Gauls overthrew the northern Etruscan settlements. They also marched further south, and in about 386 a tribe of Gauls actually captured Rome. Thanks to: C. Mackay.

Rhaetia

answers.com/topic/rhaetia?cat=technology



Raetia (so always in inscriptions; classical manuscripts usually use the form Rhaetia) was a province of the Roman Empire, bounded on the west by the country of the Helvetii, on the east by Noricum, on the north by Vindelicia, and on the south by Cisalpine Gaul. It thus comprised the districts occupied in modern times by eastern and central Switzerland (containing the Upper Rhine and Lake Constance), southern Bavaria and the upper Danube, Vorarlberg, the greater part of Tirol, and part of Lombardy. The northern border of Raetia was part of the Limes Germanicus, stretching for 166 km along the Danube.

A tradition reported by Justin (xx. 5) and Pliny the Elder (Naturalis Historia, iii. 24, 133) affirmed that they were a portion of that people who had settled in the plains of the Po and were driven into the mountains by the invading Gauls, when they assumed the name of "Raetians" from their leader Raetus; a more probable derivation, however, is from Celtic rait (mountain land). Even if their Etruscan origin be accepted, at the time when the land became known to the Romans, Celtic tribes were already in possession of it and had amalgamated so completely with the original inhabitants that, generally speaking, the Raetians of later times may be regarded as a Celtic people, although non-Celtic tribes (Lepontii, Euganei) were settled among them.


Stone head of ancient warrior

The Etruscan Maremma

florence-concierge.it/earticoli/emaremma.html



Greeks called the Etruscans Tirreni, the Romans called them Tusci or Toscani while they called themselves Raseni and Etruria Rasna. Rasna and the Raseni, or Etruria and the Etruscans


Traces of ancient civilization


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Grzegorz_
  Nov 29, 07, 13:16  #68

Kings and dukes in early Piasts period:

# Mieszko I (960 - 992)
# Bolesław Chrobry (992 - 1025)
# Mieszko II Lambert (1025 - 1031, 1032 - 1034)
# Bezprym (1031 - 1032)
# Otto (1032 - 1033)
# Dytryk (1032 - 1033)
# Kazimierz Odnowiciel (1034 - 1037/1038, 1039 - 1058)
# Bolesław ¦miały (Szczodry) (1058 - 1079)
# Władysław Herman (1079 - 1102)
# Zbigniew (1102 - 1106)
# Bolesław Krzywousty (1102 - 1138)


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Crow
Edited by: Crow  Nov 29, 07, 14:01  #69

Searching Polish - Serbian medieval connections

I would just like to share this interesting fact in that the mother of probably Poland's greatest dynasty has Serbian ancestry, particylary- originates from Serbs of Bosnia.

Jadwiga of Poland


Jadwiga, Queen of Poland

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland#Childhood


Jadwiga's sarcophagus, Wawel Cathedral, Kraków

Jadwiga was the youngest daughter of Louis I of Hungary and of Elizabeta Kotromanic of Bosnia and Serbia. Jadwiga could claim descent from the House of Piast, the ancient native Polish dynasty on both her mother's and her father's side. Her paternal grandmother Elisabeth of Cuyavia was the daughter of King Władysław I the Elbow-high, who had reunited Poland in 1320.

NOTE: There is Visegrad town in Bosnia and in Hungary (Slavic connection is obvious)

Tvrtko I of Bosnia of Kotromanic house

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvrtko_I

Stephen Tvrtko I (Stefan, sometimes translated as Stjepan, Stevan,...) (1338 – 1391) was a ruler of medieval Bosnia. He ruled in 1353–1366 and again in 1367–1377 as Ban and in 1377–1391 as the first Bosnian King. He also took the Serbian crown. Tvrtko was a member of the House of Kotromanić.

Tvrtko I was an able ruler and his state included most of Bosnia as well as the neighbouring territories. He transformed the country from an autonomous banate into an independent and prosperous kingdom. After he became the King, he added the title Stephanos (Stefan, the crowned one), and Miroslav or Mircea.

The title of King Tvrtko was "King of Serbs, Bosnia and the Seacoast.


Note Coat of arms of Serbian Bosnian dinasty (Bosnia was considered one of key Serbian lands in mediaval age). Same coat of arms is today, ironicaly, used as coat of arms of Bosnian Muslims, by dictate of some world powers

Tvrtko's paternal grandmother was Jelisaveta Nemanjic, the daughter of the Catholic Serbian nobleman Stefan Dragutin of Nemanja and his wife the Arpad Princess Katalin, the daughter of the Cuman Koteny Princess christened Elizabeth and her husband Istvan V who was the son of King Bela IV. Tvrtko's maternal great-grandmother was Ursa Nemanjic, Jelisaveta's sister.

NOTE: Nemanjic house was only Serbian Imperial (Carska, Tzar) dinasty. Originaly Namanjc`s were Chatolics but, later taken Orthodoxy. In that time about 35% of Balkan Serbs was Chatolic and 65% Orthodox.

The Polish Winged Hussars


Sobieski at Vienna

Researched and Written by Margaret Odrowaz-Sypniewska, B.F.A.
angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/WingedHussar.html

The hussar concept began in Serbia, near the end of the 14th century. In the 16th century, painted wings or winged claws began to appear on cavalry shields. Wings were originally attached to the saddle and later to the back. In 1645, Col. Szczodrowski was said to have used ostrich wings.

In 1500, the Polish Treasury books make reference to hussars. Early on, they were foreign mercenaries, and were called Racowie from "Rascia" a word meaning "of Serbia." They came from the Serbian state of Ras.

I saw many Polish riders go by,
They had wings but couldn't fly,
The Poles carry long lances,
A short pennant thereon,
They might instead use a cowtail.
It costs not much and serves just as well.


anon



Most people have heard of the Polish Winged Cavalry/Hussars or Racowie, especially their role in the battle of Grunwald and during lifting of the seige of Vienna. Original concept of Hussars (ultimate military doctrine of that time) came from Serbia to Poland and Hungary, then all over the Europe, to Russia. Whenever Serbs gave something to Poles, they gave them best. Not only to them, to Slavdom, to Europe.

Encyklopedia- Wirtualna Polska

encyklopedia.wp.pl/sz_tresc.html?encid=1730632&szukajEnc=racowie&enc_o pis=1&score=&found=&szukane=&ticaid=14a27

racowie, lekka najemna jazda złożona z Serbów, znana na Węgrzech od XIV w.; w Polsce w końcu XV–pocz. XVI w. służyli w obronie potocznej.

Gear at Grunwald

archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/HERBARZ/2001-03/0983839431

"The hussar originated in Serbia towards the end of the 14th century.
There are references to hussars in Poland in treasury returns of 1500,
though they were probably in Polish service before this date.
These early formations were foreign mercenaries, first known as
Racowie from the term Rascia, 'Serbia', from the original centre of
the Serbian state, Ras. The term 'hussar' probably originates not -
as has been widely published - from any connections with the Hungarian
husz meaning 'twenty', but from gusar, a Slavonic word meaning
'bandit'.



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Crow
Edited by: Crow  Nov 29, 07, 16:26  #70

After the clash with Turks on Kosovo Field in year 1389, where both leaders- Serbian (Prince Lazar) and Turkish (Sultan Murad I) were killed, Serbs everywhere sought an opportunity to revenges on Turks. Jan Dlugos recorded under year 1463, that in battle over Sava (there was `Cohors Raczanorum` - Serbian regiment of light calvalry), after deaths of king Matijas Korvin Serbians were invited to help against Teutons, too. So, they responded and succeeded to Poland to fight. Also, Serbs continued to fight with advancing Turks after "gusarsku/usarsku tactics" and beat them everywhere in hope that they could later push them out of Serbian lands. Anyway, Poles also accepted to fight after "Husarsku".

First units of Hussars were light horse calvary. The main transformation of this unit took place when `szlachta` elected new king in form of Stevan Batory- prince of Transylvania who reorganized this unit to Winged Hussar. Spread wings (which was not popular at the time), added new armaments and heavy armour.

More pics of Polish Winged Cavalry and about Polish army dress thru ages


Hussar armor from the second half of the seventeenth century, made of polished iron
with copper ornamentation. "Wings" are attached to the back side, the laths of the
wings are made of wood



In 1776 the Sejm liquidates this unit and in return creates national cavalry (lancers)




Uhlans typically wore a double-breasted jacket (kurta) with a coloured panel (plastron) at the front, a coloured sash, and a square-topped Polish lancer cap (czapka). Their lances usually had small swallow-tailed flags (known as the lance pennon) just below the spearhead.

Even today there is not many changes in Polish uniform of army (I don`t know for possible latest reforms from NATO time)...


Marshall Pilsudski in 1920


Petelicki in 1990


Lancer from XX


Uniform and equipment ulan from 1939


Lancer from XXI


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Grzegorz_
  Nov 29, 07, 18:13  #71

Good posts Crow.


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Piorun
Edited by: Piorun  Nov 29, 07, 18:34  #72

Historia Polski History of Poland



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Ozi Dan
  Nov 29, 07, 18:56  #73

Quoting: Crow
Even today there is not many changes in Polish uniform of army (I don`t know for possible latest reforms from NATO time)...


I like the Polish uniforms. I have many pictures of my ancestors in uniform. If anyone has an ancestor in uniform, can they please post it so we can all have a look.

Does anyone know of the meaning/significance of the squiggly line on the collar ends of the uniform. I seem to recall it meant something. Thanks - I really look forward to some more pictures.

I'd like to know how I can attach my pictures if someone could tell me please.

Dan


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Crow
  Nov 30, 07, 04:58  #74

Quoting: Grzegorz_
Good posts Crow.

if that was good, for next post I want vodka. No, ... wait, I want and Vodka and Slivovica (Polish versions, acceptable) and plus you can surprsie me with that polish pieroge or something.

I`ll chose place and time, somwhere in Warsawa ;)


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Crow
  Dec 1, 07, 01:56  #75

Polish ancient and traditional skills with sword and saber



Source: signum-polonicum.com.pl/bibliotekadoXVw.html

Untill XV century (do XV wieku) ...

Thietmar /975-1018/, Kronika

Bruno z Kwerfurtu / - 1009/, List do króla Henryka II

Anonim tzw. Gall, Kronika Polska

Wincenty Kadłubek /ok. 1150 - 1223/, Chronica Polonorum

Jan Długosz /1415-1480/, Roczniki, czyli Kroniki sławnego Królestwa Polskieg

Source: signum-polonicum.com.pl/strona1.html
signum-polonicum.com.pl/tradycja.html













Tradition and modern time ...

Source: signum-polonicum.com.pl/husariasp.html



Rok 1998 Kalmar - Szwecja

Rok 1998 Gonitwy husarskie, Zamek w Ogrodzieńcu

Rok 1999 Nasza Husaria przed papieżem Janem Pawłem II

Tarnowskie Góry - Gwarki 2003


Pierwsza w Polsce ksi±żka o sztuce walki szabl± husarsk± - 2004


ZBIGNIEW SAWICKI

Radek




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Grzegorz_
  Dec 1, 07, 14:00  #76

Quoting: Crow
if that was good, for next post I want vodka.


I will think about It :)


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celinski
  Dec 2, 07, 17:42  #77

Thank you all for the fantastic information and pictures. I wanted to ask as you watch this if you see any information that you don't aggree with if you can tell me? Early Poland I have not studied as much and this is why I ask? Thank you and enjoy.

Carol /USA








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celinski
  Dec 2, 07, 17:44  #78

Quoting: Piorun
Historia Polski History of Poland


Yes, it is the same as above by, Piorun if you watch it already. Thanks, Carol


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valkyrie
  Dec 4, 07, 15:49  #79

Quoting: Crow
I say, we are capable for big bussines

I agree, very capable! I read this book. 'The polish way.'' A thousand year history of poles and their culture. By Adam Zamoyski. Does any one have an opinion on this book? Interesting stuff written above.

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Crow
Edited by: Crow  Dec 19, 07, 09:59  #80

Quoting: osiol

Quoting: Crow
Slavic culture exist in continuity since time immemorial

For example, by practicing a religion formulated in the Middle East, Greece and the Roman Empire.

If you follow PCT (Paleolithic Continuity Theory), by Mario Alinei and newest genetic/archaeological (scientific) foundings you would found that you have new questions in front of you:

1. Were Slavs formed as unique ethos (culturally, linguistically, religiously, ...) before they settled on Balkan/Danube, after Ice Age was finished? or

2. Were Slavs formed as unique ethos (culturally, linguistically, religiously) later, thru evolution of primordial (es, if) European population which settled on Balkan/Danube, after Ice Age was finished?

Here, we speak about events which happened even 25000 years ago. Maybe even deeper in past. So Osiol, try to insert your comment in that dimension.

Quoting: osiol
How much of the Russian population descend from Finno-Ugric peoples?

Before any conclusion and, considering common origin of Slavs it would be wise that during exploration thru Polish past, we also examine some facts in case with other Slavic ethoses. In this particular case, i would present some newest scientific foundings in case with Russians...

Excavation Finds Earliest Europeans in Russia 45,000 Years Ago

Washington
11 January 2007
Source:
voanews.com/english/archive/2007-01/2007-01-11-voa77.cfm?CFID=174107057&CFTOKEN=14876969

New evidence indicates that Russians were among the earliest Europeans, if not the earliest. Prehistoric teeth and tools excavated from the banks of the Don River show that modern humans arrived in northeastern Europe about 45,000 years ago, earlier than they moved into the west. VOA's David McAlary tells us that the discovery changes ideas about how humans reached Europe after they left their place of origin, Africa.

Although the oldest evidence of modern humans comes from Australia about 50,000 years ago, the Don River discovery is roughly the same age, or even earlier than similar ones in south central and western Europe. "For Europe, this is as early as it gets," he said.

Russian Archaeologists Discover Remains of Ancient Chieftain in Altai Permafrost

Source:
russiancourier.com/en/info/history/63687/

Russian archaeologists have uncovered the 2000-year-old remains of a warrior preserved intact in permafrost in the Altai mountains region, the Rossiiskaya Gazeta daily reported.

The warrior was blond had tattoos on his body. He was wearing a felt coat with sable fur trimmings and was buried in a wooden frame containing drawings of mythological creatures with an icepick beside him, the paper said.



Quoting: osiol
If language is a sign of hereditary origin, how come the population of Ireland speak mostly English?

We already had opportunity to see here some linguistic conclusions in case with comparison between old Celtic, modern day Irish language and Slavic languages (particularly Polish).

Let`s continue to investigate before any conclusion. I myself seek for many answers

The History of Ireland

Source:
mythome.org/historyi.html

Pre Christian History

In earliest days the mysterious Tuatha De Danann , mysterious god like warriors with magical powers roamed Ireland along with their servants the Firbolgs and their sea going henchmen the Formorians. By the sixth century BC they had disappeared , probably annihilated by King Milesius and his forces from Spain. In about 350BC the Celts, who had marched across Europe came to a halt in Ireland, the western most outpost and from the 1st century AD the gaels started to emerge, having adopted the myths, genes and lifestyles of all those who had come before them. Gaelic culture was set to become a integral part of Irish history from then until the modern day and formed moulded Ireland into the nation it is now.


Any ideas?


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Patrycja19
  Dec 22, 07, 20:02  #81

Crow wrote:
INTERPRETATION OF THE ANCIENT CULTURES
by Sergei V. Rjabchikov


ok, intrepretations of Ancient history.. this I am having time understanding how
these came about.. was it written on /in old books? how do we really know
what is said is what is on these old scriptures..

im doubtful on certain things.. I feel like we are jumping back and forth in some
subjects.. like the theorys of revolution.. so how do we really know??

are these factual documents that actually show writings? a document from 966
wouldnt be in the greatest of shape.. especially after all the wars and fires..

but I do realize a great deal of importance goes into the studies of all history/historical
events and great deal into retrieving data to stablize and further conclude truth to
each event .


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Crow
Edited by: Crow  Dec 24, 07, 15:22  #82

Patrycja19 wrote:
im doubtful on certain things..

very good

Patrycja19 wrote:
I feel like we are jumping back and forth in some
subjects.. like the theorys of revolution.. so how do we really know??

In case with your dilemmas...

The Venetians - our early Ancestors
by Ivan Kobal
Source link: carantha.net/forum_veneti_part_i.htm

History, unlike mathematics, is an imperfect science and can never be complete or totally impartial.

Facts are denied, distorted, ignored, forgotten. History is often written long after the denials, the distortions, the memories of events and their consequences have disappeared. When the bare facts of the past resurface like fossilized plants or prehistoric animals, the expert historian is there to draw conclusions.

Such conclusions are often incompatible with accepted traditions and beliefs, and it takes all the skill of the historian to convince the conservative scholars that their beliefs are being proved wrong.

One more important fragment ...

The German version of the book, "Unsere Vorfahren die Veneter", caused a stir among German historians and history teachers, so did in Italy and elsewhere the Italian edition, "I VENETI, progenitori dell'uomo Europeo". In Slovenia, the book was not welcome at first and the old school of scholars, who for centuries maintained that all the Southern Slavs, including the Slovenians, migrated in mass from the region of the Carpathian Mountains in the 6th century AD, tried to ignore it. But the bug didn't go away and the controversy is now raging unabated.


I would now elaborate my position on situation in case with examination of Slavic past. To underline- same conclusions goes also for particular situation in case with examination/re-examination of Polish ancient history ...

If we want to understand some historical processes, we should examine as much as possible new scientific sources and materials based on transhistorical orientation and multidisciplinary approach which accepts results that are so far realized and which ignore dogmatic and daily-political limits, and taking into consideration all new efforts based on strictly scientific laws with the goal of shedding new light on old Slavic civilization and true meaning of her contribution to development of universal civilization.

Affirmation of newest research results is inevitable, because new scientific approach includes consultations with multidisciplinary experts (archeology, linguistics, mathematics, anthropology, ethnology, history- from aspect of many scientific branches, geography, arts, physics, genetics, climatology ...).

Theories that have so far been put forward, including all the consequences they brought, didn’t gave correct answer on crucial questions from Slavic - Proto Slavic - Indo European past.

We need to penetrate into new sources and reveal the true ones- scientifically established but rejected hidden truths that could give a batter image on the development and evolution of Paleo/Proto Slavic civilization.


Patrycja19 wrote:
INTERPRETATION OF THE ANCIENT CULTURES
by Sergei V. Rjabchikov

after reading Rjabchikov, I would also suggest you to see works of some Slovenian authors (on the same link from above)

The Veneti
Wenden, Winden, Windische
by Dr. Joľko ©avli

A mysterious people, whose traces we encounter in the nomenclature and in the customs throughout Germany as well as in nearby countries. Their name reflects also the form of the present-day linguistic groups like Wenden (Sorben of Lusatia), Winden (Kashubi of Pomerania) or Windische (Slovenians) and also Veneti (in Veneto, Italy). Their traces are to be found in all territories between the Baltic and the Adriatic Sea, where today different nations live. Who were the Veneti?

many inscriptions in Venetian writing appeared around 500 BC. Numerous examples of these inscriptions are conserved until today, and it is a very important fact, that the Slovene linguist Matej Bor was able to decipher many of them on the basis of the Slovenian and other Slav languages.


O S T I J A R E J

O S T I J A K O U S E D I C A

B U G O © A S O V I © A D

L Y K Z (e) M E L I N K(o) S H A J I C O S K A B (i)

Then, on the same link, real gift for all those who seek to explore thru time (open-mindedly) ...

Found: Europe's oldest civilisation
11 June 2005

By courtesy of our reader, who forwarded the article to Carantha
Our question is: Did it pertain to the Vends?

Archaeologists have discovered Europe's oldest civilisation, a network of dozens of temples, 2,000 years older than Stonehenge and the Pyramids. More than 150 gigantic monuments have been located beneath the fields and cities of modern-day Germany, Austria and Slovakia. They were built 7,000 years ago, between 4800 BC and 4600 BC. Their discovery, revealed today by The Independent, will revolutionise the study of prehistoric Europe, where an appetite for monumental architecture was thought to have developed later than in Mesopotamia and Egypt.


A settlement of the Band Ceramic people. In the background we see part of a typical longhouse. (The illustration has been taken from the book: Frühe Geschichte der Lausitz by Lech Leciejewicz, 1985).

The Slovieni
A Venetic Stock in Russia
by Dr. Joľko ©avli

They were the founders of the Slovenia there, which later was called »The Republic of Novgorod« The discovery of common roots represents a new base of friendship between Russians and Slovenians

The well-known Russian chronicler Nestor mentions the appearance of the Slovieni race among the first Russian tribes in his "Povest' vremennych let" (11th/12th century AD). According to Nestor, they settled around the Ilmen Lake south of Sankt Petersburg, and founded the city of Novgorod. - It is certain, that the Slovieni of this area came from elsewhere. But Nestor does not state, where did they migrate from and when did this happen. Therefore, several scholars researched their primordial homeland, and they are still doing so.


The early settlement area of the Slovieni (Russia)

The Slovieni (Russia)

Tacitus, it is true, indirectly quotes the settlement of a group of Veneti in the then Finnic territory. That this group was called Veneti in the West is evidenced by the following facts: Still in the 16th century, on a carta marina, elaborated by Olaus Magnus, the Finnic Gulf is denoted as: Mare Finonicvm sive Sinvs Venedicvs. The Sinvs Venedicvs (Venetic Gulf) could only have been named after the Slovieni (Novgorod), at that time already subjected to the supremacy of Moscow.


Slovensk (Novgovord) in the 1st century AD (reconstruction).
The settlement was composed of wooden houses.



View on medieval Novgorod and the city plan, indicating the Slovenski konec with the Slovenski holm (Slovenian hill)

On the same link, you would found interesting approach in case with some historical controversies, which by some authors could be in connection with ancient Slavic past, with that indirectly, with Polish too.

Alexander the Great

356 - 323 BC
Was he a Venet?
The Macedonian question
by Dr. Joľko ©avli


Alexander the Great (356 - 323 BC)

Fragmets:

The discovery of the Veneti re-opened anew the question of the language spoken by the ancient Macedonians. In this connection, Charles Bryant-Abraham recorded Alexander the Great (356 - 323 BC), King of Macedonia and Greece, who, at a gathering admonished one of his men, Philotas by name, to talk in his mother tongue and not in Greek (cf. The Augustan, Vol. XXXI, Nr. 3, Daggett, Calif. 1999, p. 21). His mother tongue could have been only Macedonian, which evidently was different from Greek.

Yet, to which linguistic group pertained the then Macedonian language? I would say, we find a reliable answer in the inscriptions of Dura-Europos, deciphered by Anthony Ambrozic (cf. his book on "Adieu to Brittany", Toronto 1999, p. 74 ff.). He deciphered inscriptions based on the language, which I call Venetic, from which the Slav languages descended.

In my researches concerning the Veneti, I found out, that in the pre-Roman period several peoples spoke nearly the same language: Illyrians, Thracians, Dacians, continental Celts, very probably also Phrygians,... But they were not of Venetic origin. Anyway, with regard to the Macedonians, an important indication of their Venetic origin is the quotation of Herodotos (ca. 480 - 425 BC), who also mentioned the presence of the Veneti in the Illyricum (I, 196), i.e., in the Balkans. But where was the territory of their settlement?


Pella, north of Salonika, was the capital of Alexander the Great and of Macedonia. In the South it bordered on Thessaly, where still today the names Venetikos and Veneton bear witness of the Venetic origin of the Macedonian people


Dionysus riding the Panther (Pella, mosaic of ca. 300 BC). The panther (leopard) was a divine animal in the suite of several divinities already in the antiquity


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Jooma
  Dec 25, 07, 06:47  #83

Look for the ancient slavonic, Sobotka (near Wroclaw) monuments. Much older than Biskupin. I have seen them years ago and I wonder if they are somehow protected.

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Crow
Edited by: Crow  Dec 26, 07, 16:38  #84

I always was curious to explore thru Viking-Slavic connections

Now, I can remind myself that as a little child I thought about Vikings as about some loud speaking people (connecting their name with Serbian word Vikati=loudly speak, bawling, to cry or Vikati=to make an outcry). Well, don’t blame me for my imagination when even in the movies Vikings were represented as loudly speaking/screaming warriors with unique war cry.

This approach in explanation of meaning of words/ethnic names is childish as I would like to underline but anyway, some place/river names, on today’s non-Slavic West and North of Europe often sounded me as very Slavic and I would like to share my childish experience on that.

For example, long time of my childhood I was sure that Glasgow is some town in Poland or Russia and I was very surprised to found out about Glasgow on British islands. Or take name of Gauls (Gali/Goli- how it sound in Serbian) in consideration. Do you know what word Goli mean on Serbian? It mean exactly `naked`, so Gali were naked warriors and that’s exactly how they were remembered in history. From Serbian history during Turkish occupation we know that rebel warriors in time of Voivode Sindjelic were called Golaci (Golaći- srb.) and even more you would be surprised why Serbian peasants called them Golaci. That name designated that they were warriors faced with overwhelming foes (Turks). Term Golaci referring here on poor, bad armed/equipped man, with even bad clothes- in comparison with his enemy but, man still willing to fight/resist. When you translate how name of Celts (Kelti, Selti) sound on Serbian you would understand that when one say Selt he maybe referring on some nomad, so on nomadic tribes. Hm, listen now this... word/ethnic name of Scythians is by analogy on Serbian almost same as word Celt (Selt) with meaning Vagabond, Vagrant, also Nomad. We know that old chronicles and modern science consider Scythians and Sarmatians as two kin ethoses. But, this examination suddenly isn’t just funny but also becoming interesting, if we know that modern linguistic science confirmed that name of Sarmatians stay in close correlation with modern day Serbian/Sorbian name and that name of Sarmatian represent some form of Serbian name which went thru Greek/Latin transcription. Sarmatian name is considered to be as one of universal Slavic names which existed in history. Traces of that universal Slavic name survived on Balkan, in Lusatia, in Siberia, in Poland, in Czeska thru form of Boii (Serboi) name, in Croatia (Sarmatia >Carmatia >Croatia >Hrvatia >Hrvatska). And, again Boii are registered as Celts/Selts and becoming clear how Celtic tribe Scordiscs were able to be foundators of Balkan Serbian Capitol town Belgrade (White town- srb.). BDW, it is said that Gouls were branch of Celts, kin ethos to them. Then, following Sarmatian name we becoming aware that ancient Aryans were kin ethos to Sarmatians/branch of Sarmatians. Again, we are fascinated with deep connections if take in consideration name of Rg Vedic Srbinda- only ancient ethnic name from Veda`s which still exist as ethic name, inside of Slavic corpus (we see that again as trace of once universal Slavic name).

Or should I say that some linguists connected name of Spartacus (Spartak- leader of rebelled Roman slaves) with ethic name of Sarmatians. Then, things again becoming interesting when we know that great majority of slaves under his command was of Celtic and Dacian origin and they considered him as his brother and so he was able to be their leader. Now, guess from where originated Spartak? From Bulgarian part of Trachia, he was Trachian. It is also indicative that on the western parts of Europe word slave stay in connection with Slav (coming from name of ethnic Slavs- scientifically confirmed) and words servant/serf stay in connection with Serb (remind yourself on Serbian-Sorbian line from Balkan to Baltic which we see as scattered/enslaved today). There was also ancient ethic name of Sporadi, which was in focus of analyzes of Slovak historian Konstantin Jiricek who concluded that name must be connected with some form of archaic Sarmatian name. Etc, etc, etc... So, we are again and again in the same ethnic/linguistic circle, no matter that we traveled thru time and thru vast and huge geographical space. Thru almost same territory where we even (still) today can found Slavs. We see that even Slavic child know that Slavs are on their own. Imagine then how one serious historian can be sure in that fact, having available old chronicles and newest archaeological, ethnological, genetic, climatic, ... foundings.

All in all, today, modern science seriously re-examining Slavic and complete Europoid past .


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Crow
Edited by: Crow  Dec 26, 07, 18:17  #85

on Slavic - Viking - Varangian connections

Rurik
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurik

Rurik or Riurik (Russian: Рю́рик; Old East Norse: Rørik, meaning "famous ruler"; ca. 830 – ca. 879) was a Varangian chieftain who gained control of Ladoga in 862, built the Holmgard settlement near Novgorod, and founded the Rurik Dynasty which ruled Kievan Rus and then Russia until the 16th century.


The Varangians in Russia

Even though some historians emphasize folklore roots for the Rurik legend and consequently dismiss Rurik as a legendary figure, there is a controversy about his ethnic origins in Eastern Europe.

According to the Primary Chronicle Rurik was one of the Rus, a Varangian tribe likened by the chronicler to Danes, Swedes, English and Gotlanders. In the 20th century, archaeologists partly corroborated the chronicle's version of events. It was discovered that the settlement of Ladoga, whose foundation has been ascribed to Rurik, was actually established in the mid-8th century. Earthenware, household utensils, and types of buildings from the period of Rurik's foundation correspond to patterns then prevalent in Jutland.


The runes ruRikr representing the Old Norse name Hrœrekr on the Viking Age runestone U 413 in the church of Norrsunda, Uppland, Sweden.

Rurik with brothers

Approximate extent of the earliest Russian state in the 8th century

Ladoga (Aldeigjuborg in Old Norse), founded in the mid-8th century on the river Volkhov close to the lake Ladoga, was the earliest Russian capital


Later the capital was moved up the Volkhov to Novgorod (Holmgard in Old Norse), near the lake Ilmen

The favorite Russian musical instrument was the gusli, similar to the Serbian gusle. Here is a genuine Russian gusli of the mid-11th century

Russian gusli is a stringed instrument. 14th century miniatures showing the helmet-form gusli and how it was played


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Polson
  Dec 26, 07, 19:03  #86

Yeah i find the connections between Vikings and Slavs very interesting too ;)
More particularly between Poles and Vikings (there were quite close, geographically, from each other).

One of the greatest "Viking" kings was Knut II. His mother is supposed to be Polish, a Polish princess. He ruled over Denmark, Norway, England and i think Sweden too...

Among the Viking sailors, it is said there were some Poles. Poles at that time were known for being good sailors, warriors...The Vikings discovered America in 1000, these Vikings may, for some of them, be Polish.

Poles and Vikings have always had good relationships.

...

:)


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Crow
Edited by: Crow  Dec 30, 07, 09:15  #87

On Viking - Western Slavic contacts

Seams that Vikings had intensive contacts with all Slavs on Baltic (not only with Slavs). They had contacts with Poles, Northern Serbs/Sorbs- Lusatians (known as Vends, even today), Pomerans...

Canute the Great
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canute_the_Great

Canute was a son of the Danish king Swegen Forkbeard and the Slavic princess, Saum-Aesa, (in accord with the Monk of St Omer's, Encomium Emmae and Thietmar of Merseburg's contemporary Chronicon), daughter to Mieszko I of Poland, and lent the Scandinavian name Gunnhilda by the Danes. Canute, was an heir to a line of Scandinavian rulers central to the unification of Denmark, with origins in the shadowy figure of Harthacnut, founder of the royal house, and the father to Gorm the Old, its official progenitor.

The Flateyjarbók, a thirteenth century source, states Canute was taught his soldiery by the mercenary leader known as Thorkel the Tall,[10] brother to Sigurd, Jarl of mythical Jomsborg, and the legendary Joms at their Viking stronghold; now thought to be a Slav (as well as Scandinavian) fortress on the Island of Wollin. He was surely born for a solidly military life.

Heimskringla or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway
King Olaf Trygvason's Saga: Part III
http://omacl.org/Heimskringla/trygvason3.html

98. KING SVEIN'S MARRIAGE.

The Danish king, Svein Tjuguskeg, was married to Gunhild, a
daughter of Burizleif, king of the Vinds.

99. KING BURIZLEIF'S MARRIAGE.

Burizleif, the king of the Vinds, complained to his relation Earl
Sigvalde, that the agreement was broken which Sigvalde had made
between King Svein and King Burizleif, by which Burizleif was to
get in marriage Thyre, Harald's daughter, a sister of King Svein:
but that marriage had not proceeded, for Thyre had given positive
no to the proposal to marry her to an old and heathen king.


Canute the Great's domains, a northern empire of a Viking king


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Crow
Edited by: Crow  Dec 30, 07, 10:19  #88

More on Polish – Viking relationships

Swietoslawa - Piast Princess & Viking's Queen - Polish Culture
http://culture.polishsite.us/articles/art262fr.htm

There are some theories suggesting that the first Polish ruling dynasty, Piast is related to Vikings. These theories are not that strong as the hypothesis that Vikings were instrumental in creating the first Russian statehood so that the name rus is of Viking origin.

Dagome Index, is the first known document, written around 991, which relates to Poland. Mieszko I, read the article about him entitled January 1st - Namesday of Mieszko - Founder of the First Polish Royal Dynasty, is addressed as Dagome or Dago which is a Scandinavian name.

Swietoslawa became one of the most famous heroes of the Viking sagas but not always in a positive light. She felt in love with the ruler of Norway - Olaf Tryggvason, but he ignored her, therefore he had to pay with his life. According to the sagas her intrigues led to the creation of the anti-Norwegian coalition of seven kings - Dutch, Swedish and Slavic.

THE ORIGINS OF THE POLISH STATE

University of Buffalo, State University of New York

Mieszko I and Bolesław Chrobry
http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/orig/mieszko.html

The high regard in which the Piast family, and thereby Poland, were held is attested to by the fact that Mieszko's daughter, ¦więtosęawa Sygryda, married two kings and produced two kings as sons. In 980, she married King Eric of Sweden. Following Eric's death in ca, 995, she married Sven of Denmark, a Viking King who conquered Britain around 990.





Few more interesting pics on Russian - Viking theme



In the Viking Age, and throughout the Middle Ages, wood dominated in the Russian architecture. The material was used to build rather complicated structures.


This style of wooden carving lived on in the stone decoration of Russian churches in the 12th and 13th centuries


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Crow
Edited by: Crow  Jan 9, 08, 12:48  #89

...speaking about controversial Slavic issues from past...

I mentioned this already but, never elaborated topic completely:

King Arthur Pendragon was a Slav !?!? Is this possible?
[and to add question- From where were Sarmatian knights, loyal friends or Arcturus... Boras, Tristan, Batraz, etc.?]

If answer on those questions could be positive we can say that Slavic heritage affected history of western parts of Europe more then we are aware now and much more than some other people are ready to admit.

In this particular case we speak about people of British islands and their possible connections with Slavic world in Second Century AD.

Historical basis for King Arthur

Lucius Artorius Castus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_basis_for_King_Arthur

Writers such as Kemp Malone, C. Scott Littleton, Ann Thomas and Linda A. Malcor suggest that King Arthur should be identified as one Lucius Artorius Castus, a Roman dux of the 2nd century, who was praefectus of the VI Legion in Britannia and might have (though this is far from certain) led a numerus of Sarmatian, which was based at Ribchester and which campaigned at and north of Hadrian’s Wall. Castus' alleged military exploits in Britain and Armorica may have been remembered for centuries afterward.

Sarmatian connection

In 1978, C. Scott Littleton and Ann C. Thomas expanded on the ideas of Vasily Abaev and Georges Dumezil and published their theory of a connection between the Sarmatian people and the history and later legend of King Arthur. The Alano-Sarmatians were steppe nomads from what is now southern Ukraine, who fought from horseback with a kontus ('lance'), longsword and bow and carried a shield with a tamga marking, similar to heraldry. They wore scale armour and conical helms, and were known in the 2nd century for their skill as heavy cavalry. In 175, Marcus Aurelius hired 8,000 Sarmatians into Roman service. 5,500 of these recruits were sent to the northern borders of Britain.

The culture of the Sarmatians is also relevant to the legends of Arthur. Apart from their skill as armoured knights, they held great, near religious, fondness for their swords — their tribal worship was directed at a sword sticking up from the ground, similar to the Sword in the Stone motif. They carried standards in the form of dragons, a symbol also used by Arthur and his father Uther Pendragon.

Historian: King Arthur Was From Russia

Tuesday, April 10, 2001. Page 1
By Kevin O'Flynn
Staff Writer
http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2001/04/10/003.html

a new book adds another twist by saying that much of the legend of King Arthur may come from a band of nomadic tribes whose descendants now live in southern Russia.

What's all this about King Arthur being a Russian?

Answer Bank
http://www.theanswerbank.co.uk/Article852.html

Two Arthurian historians, C Scott Littleton and Linda Malcor, have claimed that a Roman general Lucius Artorius Castus, who commanded a group of Sarmatian cavalrymen, was the real King Arthur. The Ossetian people - from the Caucasus in southern Russia - are descended from the Sarmatians and the Alans. And the Ossetians' ancient tales, known as the Nart Sagas, tell of a king called Batraz who had a magic sword.

...There are dragon symbols everywhere, from Welsh mythology and Beowulf to the Old Testament.'

Genetics about it…

Researching Strong(e)s and Strang(e)s in Britain and Ireland; 2nd Edition (Rootsweb)

BORDER REIVERS DNA STUDY
Date: 7 April 2004
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~donegalstrongs/dnasarmatian-r eivers.htm


Sarmatian horseman. Drawing by Michail Gorelik

Reivers In Full Regalia


Racowie, of Polish Winged Cavalry

Few selected quotations, to give you picture...

During the reign of Marcus Aurelius, the Sarmatians became dangerous again. Other groups had joined the federation (e.g., the Alans), and the Romans had to fight several bloody wars against the Sarmatians and their allies, the Marcomanni. Ultimately, the Romans were successful, and for almost half a century, the Danube frontier was more or less safe. In the third century, however, the Sarmatians occupied Dacia and from now on, the war against the tribes on the north bank of the Danube was really dangerous.

In the early fourth century, the Roman emperor Diocletian resettled the Iazyges, and his successor Constantine accepted many Sarmatians as farmers on the Balkans. Those who remained north of the Danube, were destroyed by the Huns.

The Vance markers were I1a. When run against the YSTR database, we found no matches - but the closest match, off just one-step on the 389ii, was in Northern Poland. The next closest match was in Macedonia. The other close matches clustered around Poland, Slovenia, Austria, eastern Germany. This was clearly a Gothic match pattern and does indeed suggest that the Scotch-Irish Vances were descended from the original Visigothic De Bauxes.

In the Arthurnet Mailing List Archives there are several references to the presence of the Sarmatians at Ribchester - Bremetennacum Veteranorum. Search the Arthurnet Archives to reveal the dialog. These horsemen came from Russia, by the Danube just north of the Black sea, and fought at Hadrian's wall. There is discussion in the logs as to whether the Sarmatians left any "evidence" of their presence.

The Picts: Another possible explanation of the Hypothethized ht35 Haplotype in the Anglo-Scottish Borders area which has been suggested is that the Picts were actually Scythians, and they were the source of the DYS393=12 phenomenon found in the area.

The Sarmatians intermarried with the Scotis and Picts... and left some of their "genetic signature" for us to puzzle over today.

We have tried to put the available DNA findings from various Surname Studies in a meaningful historical context. We have tried to avoid a simple surmise that one group are "Celts", and another group are "Vikings"



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